Advanced Pathophysiology 6501 Walden University

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To be effective, nurses must have a thorough awareness of pathophysiological disease processes that occur across the life span. It is the goal of this course for students to gain a thorough awareness of bio-physiological processes, as well as deviations from these processes, as well as an in-depth analysis of scientific concepts related to the biology of disease processes. Advanced practice nursing students study about the normal operation of organ systems as well as how organ systems interact with one another to assist the body maintain homeostasis (balance). Students obtain the knowledge and understanding of pathophysiological disease processes that they need to establish suitable treatment regimens for patients at all stages of their lives, from childhood to old age. Immunity, inflammation, cancer genetics, and cardiovascular disease are just a few of the topics that students learn about in class. They also examine a range of disease processes, including hematologic, renal, neurologic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive disorders.

One of the more prominent biology metaphors refers to cells as the "building blocks" of life, which is a term that has been popular recently. This correctly emphasizes the need of knowing cells, cellular behavior, and the impact of the environment in which they function in order to achieve success. A better understanding of how healthy cell activity leads to good health can assist explain how excellent health is achieved. Additionally, it contributes to the understanding of how breakdowns in cellular function and modifications to cells result in health problems. This week, you'll learn about cellular processes that can be affected by changes that can result in disease development. It is your responsibility to assess the genetic contexts in which these processes occur, as well as the impact that these environments have on disease development. Objectives for Learning Examine cellular processes and the changes that occur inside cellular processes, among other things. Examine the influence of the genetic environment on the development of diseases

Alteration in cellular processes

Genetic alterations play a critical role in generalised edema. This could be caused by a recessive gene mutation or structural chromosomal aberrations (Wade, Shettiwar and Shah, 2019). In this case, individuals develop symptoms significant for edema whereby fluids collect in the interstitial tissues. This could be attributed to hereditary factors where more fluids are being secreted or because there is failure in fluids removal. The effects of gravity imply that the swelling will often be marked in the lower body. These are the underlying condition that can lead to swelling of the interstitial cells. For instance, heart failure can lead to pulmonary edema, pleural effusions and periphery edema. The patient presented with symptoms of edema of extremities and abdomen. These symptoms are attributed to the alteration in cellular processes. Typically, these symptoms are as a result of disruption in the normal balance of cellular fluids leading to accumulation of abnormal fluids in the interstitial spaces. Edema of the abdomen is as a result of fluids building up in the abdomen. One of the most common causes of the condition could be due to the malabsorption syndrome history. This leads to an imbalance of pressure in the circulation system. The increase in portal blood pressure and a decrease in albumin could be responsible for formation of pressure gradient leading to abdominal ascites. In essence, the development of portal hypertension leads to failure of the kidneys to get rid of salts in the body. Inability to undertake such physiological processes leads to development of abdominal edema (Marchesi et al., 2020).The physiological response to this stimulus is targeted at stabilizing portal pressure and improving renal functions. Essentially, an increase in pressure in the abdomen and extremities leads to counter-reaction by cells to attain homeostasis (Schadow et al., 2017). In this respect, the body responds by expansion of interstitial cells which is manifested by inflammation of the lower legs and swelling of the abdomen. In a similar manner, the increase in interstitial fluid is necessitated by the need to protect the surrounding tissues following an injury to adjacent tissues. Generally, edema is attributed to heart failure that leads to a generalised edema which alters the peripheral tissues and organs (Marchesi et al., 2016). Interstitial cells are responsible for the symptoms in the patient. Increased leakage of fluids from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries leads to swelling of the extremities. This leads to increased capillary filtration whereby, an increase in the fluids within the interstitial spaces is evident. For the case study analysed herein, swelling of the lower limbs is attributed to reduced glomerular filtration rate and a reduction in excretion of body solutes. In this aspect, there is a reduced tubular reabsorption due to interstitial cells absorbing limited amounts of water. Other characteristics such as gender, age and health behaviour would influence significantly the development of generalised edema of extremities and abdomen manifested in the patient. For instance, a sedentary lifestyle and prolonged stay at one location would increase the extent of edema in the patient. Gender would also be another factor of consideration in development of edema (Romero-Aroca et al., 2016). For instance, hormonal variation would affect the extent of edema. This would imply that hormonal variations among gender can be implicated for extent of generalised edema. Genetic factors would also contribute to variation in response towards development of edema. These factors are significant in pathophysiology and etiology of generalised edema.

References

Marchesi, S., Hata, A., Larsson, A., & Hedenstierna, G. (2016). Abdominal Edema And Inflammation In A Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury Model. Comparison Between Spontaneous Breathing And Mechanical Ventilation. In C49. RESPIRATORY FAILURE: CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ASPECTS OF VILI AND LUNG PROTECTIVE MV (pp. A5224-A5224).
American Thoracic Society.Marchesi, S., Hedenstierna, G., Hata, A., Feinstein, R., Larsson, A., Larsson, A. O., & Lipcsey, M. (2020). Effect of mechanical ventilation versus spontaneous breathing on abdominal edema and inflammation in ARDS: an experimental porcine model.
BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 20, 1-11.Romero-Aroca, P., Baget-Bernaldiz, M., Pareja-Rios, A., Lopez-Galvez, M., Navarro-Gil, R., & Verges, R. (2016). Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory. Journal of diabetes research, 2016.Schadow, C., Wex, C., Wybranski, C., Kalinski, T., Schulz, C., & Meyer, F. (2017).
Angioneurotic edema as a differential diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 142(5), 341-345.Wade, M., Shettiwar, S., & Shah, A. (2019). An unusual cause of edema in a child with congenital heart disease post Fontan procedure. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 7(11), 4396.

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NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Walden University Quiz- Exam Questions and Answers

QUESTION 1

In qualitative studies, results are reported using words or themes.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 2

A key characteristic of a systematic review is that it contains a meta-analysis.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 3

You are forming a team to do a systematic review of the literature about interventions to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which of the following would be your first step?

	A.	Critically appraise the literature identified.
	B.	Conduct an exhaustive search of multiple databases to identify the literature.
	C.	Identify an explicit, reproducible methodology.
	D.	Create a clearly stated set of objectives with predefined eligibility criteria for study inclusion.
	E.	Create a dissemination plan for your systematic review.

5 points

QUESTION 4

In quantitative studies, results are reported using words or themes.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 5

Which of the following types of research can be categorized as primary research? Select all that apply.

	A.	Cohort study
	B.	Literature review
	C.	Grounded theory study
	D.	Randomized controlled trial
	E.	Systematic review
	F.	Controlled trial without randomization

5 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is a type of quantitative research study?

	A.	Phenomenology
	B.	Case study
	C.	Randomized controlled trial
	D.	Ethnography
	E.	Participative action research
	F.	Ground theory

5 points

QUESTION 7

Mixed-methods studies are a combination of which two methodologies?

	A.	Quantitative research methodologies and literature reviews
	B.	Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies
	C.	Qualitative research methodologies and systematic reviews
	D.	Literature reviews and qualitative research methodologies
	E.	Quasi-experimental and program evaluation

5 points

QUESTION 8

What kind of study is described in the following excerpt?

Researchers are interested in studying the impact of living in a family where a child has been diagnosed with cancer. They collaborate with the oncology department at a large children’s hospital to identify and receive consent from families that have a child with a cancer diagnosis. Participants are consented and data is collected and triangulated using one-on-one interviews, focus groups, and surveys. Data is analyzed for thematic analysis.

	A.	Quantitative research
	B.	Qualitative research
	C.	Mixed-methods research
	D.	Systematic reviews
	E.	Literature reviews
	F.	Cohort studies

5 points

QUESTION 9

Randomized controlled trials are which type of research?

	A.	Quantitative research
	B.	Qualitative research
	C.	Mixed-methods research
	D.	Systematic review
	E.	Literature review
	F.	Cohort study

5 points

QUESTION 10

In a systematic review with a meta-analysis, researchers combine the results of each of the individual studies to create a larger sample size (and therefore greater power), then re-run the statistics to capture the true magnitude of the effect. The single-effect measure calculated and reported when the results from all the studies are combined is called what?

	A.	Summary statistic
	B.	Power analysis
	C.	Confidence Interval
	D.	Chi square
	E.	Pearson's co-efficient

5 points

QUESTION 11

What types of information would help you identify a research study as quantitative? (Select all that apply.)

	A.	Data is collected using such approaches as interviews, focus groups, and open-ended questions on surveys.
	B.	Data is collected using Likert scales on surveys.
	C.	Results are reported using numbers and statistics.
	D.	Results are reported using themes and words.

QUESTION 12

Which of the following statements is true of narrative reviews? (Select all that apply.)

	A.	Narrative reviews engage a highly structured and rigorous approach to reviewing research evidence.
	B.	Narrative reviews provide a general background discussion of a particular issue.
	C.	Narrative reviews require a rigorous, systematic approach to searching the databases for evidence.
	D.	Narrative reviews generally review literature that support the author's point of view on an issue or topic.
	E.	Narrative reviews are a type of primary research.

5 points

QUESTION 13

What type of information would help you identify a research study as qualitative? (Select all that apply.)

	A.	Data is collected using such approaches as interviews, focus groups, and open-ended questions on surveys.
	B.	Data is collected using Likert scales on surveys.
	C.	Results are reported using numbers and statistics.
	D.	Results are reported using themes and words.
	E.	Data is collected using surveys with fill-in-the-blank questions.
	F.	Results are reported using a mixture of numbers and themes.

5 points

QUESTION 14

What type of study is described in the following excerpt?

An interprofessional team wants to test a new intervention to see whether it will improve central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates. Subjects were randomized into either the intervention or the control group by pulling a slip of paper with either a one or a two written on it from a manila envelope (those pulling ones were randomized to the intervention group; those pulling twos were randomized to the control group). When the study began, the intervention group received the intervention and the control group received equal attention. Data was collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to report the data.

What type of research article is this?

	A.	Quantitative research
	B.	Qualitative research
	C.	Systematic reviews
	D.	Literature reviews
	E.	Mixed methods
	F.	Program evaluation

5 points

QUESTION 15

What type of literature may a systematic review include to be considered Level 1 evidence on the Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt levels of evidence hierarchy?

	A.	Phenomenology studies
	B.	Grounded theory studies
	C.	Descriptive studies
	D.	Cohort studies
	E.	Controlled trials without randomization
	F.	Randomized controlled trials

5 points

QUESTION 16

The methods used in conducting a systematic review are specific and rigorous.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 17

When trying to determine what type of research study is described in an article, which two sections of the article will give you the best information to make that determination?

	A.	Abstract and conclusion
	B.	Methods and limitations
	C.	Methods and results
	D.	Introduction and results
	E.	Abstract and discussion
	F.	Literature review and data analysis

5 points

QUESTION 18

Both literature reviews and systematic reviews are types of research evidence reviews.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 19

Order the following types of research evidence reviews in order of rigor from most rigorous to least rigorous:

Systematic review with meta-analysis

Integrative review

Systematic review without meta-analysis

Narrative review

5 points

QUESTION 20

What type of study is described in the following excerpt?

Surveys to evaluate nurse satisfaction, medical errors, depression and anxiety, and demographics were given to 5,432 nurses from hospitals of various sizes and geographic locations; some had nurses working 8-hour shifts and 12-hour shifts. Nurses were asked to complete the survey. Upon completion of the survey, nurses were invited to participate in video conference focus groups and one-on-one interviews with a research assistant by video conferencing. Survey results were reported using descriptive statistics, and themes were identified and reported from the data collected in the focus groups and one-on-one interviews.

	A.	Quantitative research
	B.	Qualitative research
	C.	Quasi-experimental research
	D.	Mixed-methods research
	E.	Systematic reviews

Advanced Pathophysiology 6501 Walden University

Sample Walden University NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology

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NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Walden University Quiz- Exam Questions and Answers

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