Hospitals in the United States are experiencing a decline in the supply of commonly used drugs by most hospitals in the country. There is a shortage of drugs such as epidurals, a local anaesthetic injected into the spine to help pregnant women during childbirth. Most hospitals have resorted to drug rationing and using alternative means to cope with the shortage.

A message from the Queen’s Nursing Institute, a charity organization that works to improve the nursing care of people in their own homes in England, Wales and Northern Ireland has warned about the movement of services out of hospitals and bringing them closer to patients’ homes is not moving at the pace and levels required.

Within the pharmaceutical industry, systems for improving operational efficiency and effectiveness are becoming more and more common. Customers are becoming sentient of the increasing standards, getting access to a broad range of pharmaceutical drugs to choose. Besides, there is an ever-increasing demand for quality products and this global change has forced pharmaceutical companies to invest a considerable resources in appreciating and implementing Total Quality Management. To thrive in the marketplace, each part of the pharmaceutical industry should work properly and collaboratively towards the same goals, knowing that every activity and each person has is dependent upon each other. Besides, pharmaceutical companies are improving competitiveness by looking for a higher level of efficiency across all utilities and processes and are preferring Total Quality Management approach to stay in business.

Genetic engineering simply refers to the scientific manipulation of a specific DNA to modify an organism attributes (phenotype) in a specific manner. This means altering diverse base pairs ,deleting or introducing new copy of the gene (Shiv et al 100). Various technologies have shown that any beneficial technology often comes with various risks unforeseen by its developer. In order to exploit technology,wise decisions must be made. Risk factors should be evaluated,benefits weighed against risks,and a thorough understanding of the impacts assessed to establish if the risks are within acceptable range.